Psychology Capstone free essay sample

Motivation, the theory of emotion and the approach and avoidance concepts will be addressed in this paper, as well as how the humanistic approach can be applied as it relates to motivation. Individuals are motivated by a diverse realm of reasons. Within the motivation theory, the ability to distinguish between introverts and extroverts can be easily determined. Often gregarious outgoing individuals shine in social settings. If we use the Big Five Model, as a guide to distinguish introverts and extroverts, gauging neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness we can more openly identify with which side of our personality best represents us and individuals. It is a tool that is important when diagnosing an patient in therapeutic settings. Ultimately, we need motivation for survival. For if we are not motivated we can not fend for ourselves, outwit or draw from inner experiences and strengths to forge ahead. With approach and avoidance, we have a ying/yang phenomenon. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Capstone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As humans, generally we avoid situation that are comfortable, can be dangerous and therefore we protect ourselves from mitigating factors that can cause use mental anguish and personal harm. Approach is used on a daily basis to boost our ego, stabilize ourselves in the most positive outcomes and engage in positive experiences that bring us pleasure and satisfaction. â€Å"The distinction between approach and avoidance is fundamental and integral to study the affect, cognition, and behavior. † (Elliot amp; Thrash, 2002, p. 04) Within diversity we must divulge psychodynamic perspectives that are intrinsic to human motivation. Diversity relies on critical thinking and processing. For it is not a stale substitute of homogenized theories, but a melting pot of reflective social, cultural, structures of values that combine to make a stronger theory within motivation. We are able to set and achieve goals that we internalize or externalize. For some intentions are alone enough to moti vate them, while others need an accomplished specific task to boost their internal self. Being able to use the two categories within motivation, â€Å"a desire for future relationship incentives and rewards and avoidance commitment is a desire to avoid the negative consequences or costs of relationship dissolution. † (Strachman amp; Gable, 2006, p. 1) Diversity strengthens motivation for diversity includes survival of the fittest theories, much like motivation which is essential to our human survival and mental health. Regarding other disciplines that motivation can be applied to can include virtually any theory, like Behaviorism, Cognition, Existentialism, to name a few. With motivation/behaviorism, the need to complete a mental process that can be a positive or negative can be overwhelming. For example, if you are on a diet and your motivation is part internal or external. With behaviorism, motivation (approach or avoidance) while you are dieting, mental processes can affect how we behave in a certain situation. Can we use operant or classical conditioning to diet, will I need to pull lever or pop a pill to train my brain to signal my body to not want to eat. Motivation is strong, motivation, though it may be is a strong motivator to keep going. Depending on mental stability and the willingness to succeed, motivation can be an overwhelming internal feeling that can guide behavior to achieve a wide range of goals. Humanistic psychology encompasses a holistic approach to human motivation. Why we do what we do, the meaning of what we want, the freedom to choose the right path that can lead to self-actualization is a motivating factor to achieve human potential. Motivation can be applied through the humanistic approach for it requires intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for human existence. Our consciousness motivates us to process mental issues which is easily interpreted through the humanistic approach. To the core of human existence, the humanistic approach, especially based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is inclusive with motivators to help propel us to develop into the best possible person we can be. I am on welfare and must complete a number of hours as an activity that results in either paid or unpaid hours per week. I must complete a total of 35 hours of work. Havin written all of this, I conclude with my psychological contributions. I am better equipped to help those around me, at the counseling center where I volunteer, because I have gained so much knowledge from my studies. Patience is now given, where before I may have been less likely to give, for now I am more aware of human motivation, mental processes and mental anguish that people suffer through and need someone to relate to help them feel relief and feel human again. Something I try to do every day, while living on the welfare system, being treated like problem, and not a human.

Sports Performance in Society

Sports Performance in Society A sport can be defined as any organized and more so an entertaining activity that entails competition and requires a lot of strategy, commitment and fair play for success and sustainability (Magee, 2003, p. 178). As far as different sports are concerned, a winner is supposed to be defined by acceptable and objective means that will not create any problem. Most common sports are defined and governed by a set of rules that are supposed to be adhered to by participants as time goes by.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Performance in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are a wide number of sports that suit each individuals needs. In this case, there are games that are classified as either mind sports or Olympic sports. Mind sports involve a lot of skilful thinking while Olympic sports are characterized by a lot of physical and mental involvement (Lacey, 2007, p. 148). There are other non-competitive acti vities that may be referred to as recreation games or sports. As a matter of fact, there are certain games that require a lot of skills for one to excel. In extreme cases, there are other sports that don’t need a lot of skills but there is a well defined criterion that is used to judge them. Some sports are normally played for fun but others are purely professional and in this case they have been known to bring in a lot of revenue (Magee, 2003, p. 174). As a matter of fact, professional sports have emerged as a major source of entertainment to many people. As much as some sports may require a lot of skills for one to succeed, participants are supposed to show and display a lot of good sportsmanship in the games that they are participating in (Weinberg and Gould, 2003, p. 15). In this case, they are expected to observe the standards of conduct as stipulated in the rules and regulations that guide the game. Therefore, there has been a general argument that there are various fac tors that determine the success of a given individual in his/her preferred sport. These factors may always vary depending on an individuals sport or activity. Personality is very important as far as sports performance is concerned. This is because it gives an individuals trait and general behavior (Magee, 2003, p. 173). As a matter of fact, it is an attribute that might vary in different individuals. Personality development is wholesomely related to character development in all perspectives. This is because it studies different individual characters over a given period of time. In this case, it is quite undeniable that one can be able to predict sports performance from personality measurement (Spalding, 2010, p. 9). This is despite the fact that different sports have a well defined set of practice that is supposed to be followed and adhered to as time goes by for one to be fully acquainted with what he/she is supposed to do. In recent years, there have been conflicts as per to why s ome sports are being changed to make them popular and in the process enhance their profitability. In this case, such sports have ended up loosing their traditional and valued traditions. As much as these issues have arisen as time goes by, the general aspect of sportsmanship has not been eroded (Magee, 2003, p. 175). This has been guided by the general attitude that revolves around fair play, ethical behavior and integrity.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since there has been a lot of professionalism in sports, we need to look at the guiding principles that have an impact on the performance of sports. These are factors that help a sportsman to be successful in that particular game or sport (Cox, 2002, p. 11). It has been argued that sports performance can be measured based on ones personality. In this case, a participant’s personality will be defined by various psychological factors that revolve around him. Such psychological factors that will mould a person include self confidence, anxiety and stress. The relationship between personality and performance is always hard to understand but needs to be well evaluated and looked at. Personality is very important in sports development and needs to be harnessed and modeled for success (Spalding, 2010, p. 14). A sportsman needs to be well behaved and this is directly related to his personality. If a sportsman believes that his team is not good, he can not perform well as expected. People are supposed to be committed to sports to achieve good and sustainable results. This is mostly applicable to professional sportsmen who earn their living from sports. For instance, if one is a workaholic, he will likely perform to his best as time goes by (Weinberg and Gould, 2003, p. 16). Sportsmen are not supposed to be selfish as they are expected to work together as a team. Selfishness is directly related to personality and needs to be avoided at all costs. This is because a team is supposed to work together and if one is nice to others, the whole team will work together with him to develop his/her talent and performance in the sport. In this case, it is easy to help out a team mate who has been nice to you all along than to help an individual who has always been selfish (Lacey, 2007, p. 134). As a matter of fact, the teams’ performance is highly dependent on people’s personality. Sportsmen are supposed to have a high morale when they are going to play at a given period of time. In this case, they are supposed to be happy as it will have an impact on their general performance in the field or pitch (Magee, 2003, p. 170). There are two aspects of personality that are supposed to bee looked at. This includes positive personality and negative personality. Personality can also be grouped into two types. This is ether type A or type B. Type A sportsmen are always impatient and h ave been known to lack tolerance towards other individuals or team mates. These people always have high levels of anxiety that can not enhance their performance in sports (Spalding, 2010, p. 29). This means that a highly anxious individual will not concentrate on what he/she is supposed to do in the field. Type B individuals are always tolerant to others and more relaxed. This means that they can accommodate anybody in the team. Such individuals can always encourage their team mates to keep up with their spirit even when they are not performing well (Lacey, 2007, p. 137). As a matter of fact, they have low levels of personal anxiety. This means that they can always be ready to accommodate and deal withy any challenge that might come by as they go about their business and activity of sportsmanship.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Performance in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By looking at the two typ es of personality, it is quite evident that personality can be used to measure performance. This is because we can always look at the teams’ personality as a whole and predict if they will be able to perform as expected (Cox, 2002, p. 11). As a matter of fact, sportsmen are supposed to be highly tolerant for them to perform well in their teams and on an individual basis. Therefore, we can say that personality greatly effects how a sportsman performs in a given sport. It should be known that we have different personalities that need to be understood for sustainability in sports (Lacey, 2007, p. 177). As a matter of fact, personality measurement has been used by various organizations and institutions to select teams that are supposed to participate in games and sports. Personality defines the emotional and mental traits of sportsmen. Therefore, it is easy to measure a team’s performance by evaluating ones emotional traits. An emotional person can not perform well as expe cted (Cox, 2002, p. 19). This is because they will not be ready to accept mistakes that they have done and they will always be ready to come up with blame games instead of embracing collective responsibility. As far as sports are concerned, personality is a distinctive trait that has a direct bearing on the teams overall performance. There are various factors that affect an individual’s personality in sports (Weinberg and Gould, 2003, p. 36). Gender limits the kind of games that different people can participate in but it does not have a direct impact on personality. Wholesomely, there is a very big relationship between personality and sports performance in a broad way. As much as skills and abilities have an impact on sports performance, an individual needs to have unique and distinctive traits to be successful in sports. Despite the fact that personality is complex it needs to well understood for long term sustainability in sports performance (Cox, 2002, p. 35). This therefo re justifies the fact we can easily predict sports performance based on personality measurement. Reference List Cox, R.H. (2002). Sport Psychology: Concepts and applications (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. Lacey, D. (2007). It takes a bad loser to become a good winner. Journal on enhancing the advancement of sports, 3(6), 121-174.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Magee, S. (2003).101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent. Journal on sports development, 2, 168- 180. Spalding, A. (2010). Without a governing body, cheerleaders face identity crisis. New Jersey: Herald. Weinberg, R.S., Gould, D. (2003). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. (3rd ed.) United States: Human Kinetics.

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Strategic management - Essay Example GM is utilizing the environmental principles to manage its supply chain, control and regulate the business functions, manufacturing processes and putting the vehicles on road. The principles that drive the policies of the company towards a green future are stated as follows: Reduction of waste: General Motors have recycled about 92 percent of materials in its manufacturing department. The company is reusing 97 percent of its waste so the landfill has reduced considerably. The remaining 3 percent of the waste is converted into energy. So it proves that nothing gets wasted at GM. The intention of General Motors to focus on environment is really appreciating and good. The company decided to invest $ 40 million in offsetting the carbon footprints. This is an initiative of the company to present a strong image to the investors. The stock prices would rise due to its strong position in the market. General Motors commitment towards the environment is twofold. It wants to produce cars that would offer great mileage and also reduce emission (AFED, 2011). By creating vehicles which are eco-friendly, GM would receive support from the government as well as attract eco-friendly buyers. It would also create new customer group for itself. The strategic decision of the company is to support the presidential administration for supporting the economy and also sell more cars which are fuel efficient. In the present scenario when the fuel prices are high, customers would be attracted towards the most fuel efficient

The existence of god Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The existence of god - Essay Example In this way, the analysis will seek to provide a thoughtful overview of some of the most salient critiques of Anselm’s ontological view as well as to provide the reader with the alternate views that philosophers have developed over the years in response to it. Stone asserts that Anselm’s argument purports that God is conceived as the being that supersedes other beings. He purports that God exists in both understanding and reality. This is because if His existence was perceived not to be in reality, another being greater than God could be conceived. Therefore, his argument articulates that God really exists. Gaunilo’s argument uses the model of a perfect island to counter-argue Anselm’s strategy (Stone). The perfect island is described as a piland taking the form of an island in the mind which in reality is perceived greater than the piland idea. He purports that the occurrence of a piland idea in the mind proves that the piland exists. Gaunilo did not iden tify the fault in Anselm’s theory, but warned that there is something wrong with it because if the theory was perfect, then its logic can be applied in proving things that one has no reason to believe to be true (Burgess 2). For instance, Guanilo suggested the possibility of constructing an argument like that of the ontological argument proving the occurrence of a lost island (Burgess 3). His critique replaces the term ‘God† with â€Å"lost island† and views the idea that anything than which nothing bigger can be conceived must exist. It is reasonable to point out that Anselm’s approach is a supposition that a tangible thing corresponding to an idea emanates from an idea itself. The objection to the ontological idea is that of defining things into existence which is viewed as impossible. Stone asserts that Gaunilo shared this worry to explain that a person could use non-existent things to portray the existence of non-existent things. According to Gau nilo, if the argument for a superior being works, even that of a lost island is true; which is absurd (Burgess 3). In his response to Guanilo, Anselm purports that the concept is only applicable to God, as He is the only being that can be conceived. According to Stone, Anselm argues that Guanilo’s lost island strategy is variably spurious because Guanilo provides no justification to prove the island exists. Additionally, a perfect island is perceived as the one with abundant lush palm trees and pristine beaches. This proves the incoherence of this argument because perfection cannot be quantified through reference to these features as each island is perfect in its own way. This implies that there is no greater island than which no greater island can be conceived. Consequently, the concept of a greater God is coherent. This is because the features that are used to describe God are superior to that any other being can possess e.g. moral goodness, power and knowledge. Similarly, Immanuel Kant, the 17th century philosopher who actually coined the term â€Å"ontology† and â€Å"ontological†, had a specific criticism of Anselm’s rather simplistic means of argument. Although agreeing with the premise that God existed, Kant sought ot further differentiate the manner by which human rational and understanding could necessarily seek to prove or disprove such an existence. As a function of this, Kant argued that

Motivation in Sport (choose a specific area to focus on) Essay

Motivation in Sport (choose a specific area to focus on) - Essay Example The desire to achieve mastery, excellence and accomplishment, motivates individuals to seek competition that provides a fair test for their abilities (Ryska, 2003). Individuals challenge themselves by competing against others, and in doing so are able to recognize and compare their capabilities. It is therefore evident, that a high achiever will strive to achieve goals for the sake of personal growth, that is, intrinsic rewards (Ryska, 2003). According to the cognitive evaluation theory, Ryan (2000) states that athletes who feel that particular rewards will demonstrate their capability, experience an increase in intrinsic motivation, whereas, individuals who feel that particular rewards are used as means of control, will experience a decrease in intrinsic motivation. Goal setting is also a significant factor in increasing sport motivation, as it improves ones performance by providing encouragement. The reason for this being, that individuals have something to look forward to that must be achieved. Furthermore, the arousal motive, that is, the search for sensation, is also a significant motive for some playing sport. Physical and psychological health has both been shown to benefit from regular participation in physical activities. Health reasons are, however, not the only motives individuals have for taking part in sports. Motives related to appearance, competition and excitement, fun and enhanced competence, are a few other reasons. It also has been suggested that the motives for participation influence sport participation time and adherence. The motive to succeed is defined as a disposition to expect positive affects to occur in situations perceived as challenging (i.e., situations for which the probability of success is about 50%). (Deci & Ryan, 2000) Individuals, who are strongly motivated to succeed or intrinsically motivated show initiative, are in general future oriented, are carrying out plans related to the future fulfillment of activities, and are willing to be involved with new and interesting activities over a long period of time. They are often observed to be strongly committed to situations in which their abilities can be trained and exercised. In this endeavor, they seek out optimal challenges that they are not always immediately certain how to solve (Deci & Ryan, 1985). With regard to the performance component of cumulative achievement, the research of Rejeski, W. J. (2002) indicated that positive motivation (e.g., motivation to succeed, intrinsic motivation, action orientation during successful performance) is a prerequisite for good performance (including the athlete's "personal best") in sports. On the other hand, the motive to avoid failure might be related to negative motivation. This aroused or activated state of motivation is based on an expectation that negative affects will occur in situations perceived as challenging. Negative motivation and cognitive anxiety are both related to states such as worrying about the performance and its consequences, fear or avoidance of failure, and ruminations about failure. These states impede top-level performance in endurance sports (e.g., long-distance running, rowing) and feedback sports (e.g., ball games, karate, and judo; Deci & Ryan, 2000). Other research of athletes in feedback

Focal Point Of A Shopping Mall Cultural Studies Essay

Focal Point Of A Shopping Mall Cultural Studies Essay Shopping mall is inevitably the main focal point in many Malaysia city and shopping has become the Malaysian favorite pastime during weekends. Moreover, series of mega sales and discount events have encouraged the act of consumption, turning the shopping center become one of vital element in our lifestyle. The role of shopping center is gradually replacing existing public space in many modern Asian cities where the people do not have public parks or squares to hangout. Instead, a weekend family affair may just spend in the movie theatre or restaurants inside shopping mall. Therefore, shopping center is evolving into a new force whose impact should not be neglected. Nowadays, a new kind of shopping center known as the lifestyle center began emerging in Malaysia. According to International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC), the lifestyle center features an open-air architecture, typically high-end retailers, may or may not include anchor stores, and has a large concentration of dining and entertainment facilities. The properties are usually well landscaped and offer outdoor artwork, music, and trams or trolleys for on-site transportation. It is intended to support a shopping as entertainment mindset and has become highly popular in affluent communities. We can see the emerge of lifestyle malls in Greater Kuala Lumpur especially suburban Kuala Lumpur such as 1Mont Kiara, The Curve, Jaya One, Wangsa Walk, Sunway Giza, Alamanda Putrajaya and the list goes on. Originated in US, lifestyle center combining the traditional retail functions of a shopping mall with leisure amenities in a town square or main street setting have become common in affluent suburban areas and are now one of the most popular retail formats in US. However, in Malaysia, the professionals are keener to recognize it as Lifestyle Mall since most of them are indoor setting but incorporated with outdoor walking mall. Thus, hereinafter, I will use the term lifestyle mall in describing the Malaysia context. 2.0 Problem Statement The emergence of lifestyle malls poses interesting question for urbanism in Malaysia. Cities in the Malaysia especially Greater Kuala Lumpur are characterized by sprawling suburban, which a pattern of development being criticized by several theorists. According to Jane Jacobs in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities, she arguing that modernist planning policies that promoted highway construction has been destroyed many existing inner-city communities (Jacobs, 1961). After that, others writers such as Joel Garreau, Dolores Hayden and Robert Bruegmann agreed that suburban sprawl occurred to the destructive of urban life in America (Garreau, 1991; Hayeden Wark, 2004; Bruegmann, 2006). Furthermore, most of the critics on the rapid suburbanization that occurred in America as well as Malaysia, is the changing of urban and social fabric in several ways, both physically and socially. According to Harriet Tregoning, he states that cars have become necessary to working, shopping and living in suburban cities. The growing dependence on automobiles necessitated by low density, sprawling land use has important implications. People living in more sprawling regions tend to drive greater distance, own more cars, breathe more polluted air, face a greater risk of traffic fatalities and walk and use transit less. One of the most common arguments is that suburban development isolated residential areas from the commercial areas and working places that served them, thus creating sprawling, inharmonious mix of single family houses, shopping centers and office parks across the suburban landscape (Duanny, 2000; Kunstler, 1993). Many of the physical and social elements that constituted the spirit of the city civic art, civic life as well as public realm were lost in the process of spatial segregation (Garreau, 1991; Duanny, 2000; Hayeden Wark, 2004; Bruegmann, 2006). Suburbanization tends to isolate large groups of society preventing the contact between diverse members of the population that is common in more traditional urban settings. According to Fellmann et all, the upwardly mobile resident of the city-younger, wealthier and better educated- took advantage of the automobile and highway to leave the central city. The poorer and older people were left behind. The central cities and suburbs becam e increasingly differentiated. Krueger and Gibbs stated that Suburbanization produces enormous obstacles to the creation of a sense of identity with the neighborhood of residence, since the links generated are minimal and the lack of social ties makes the construction of a sense of belonging to a place very difficult (Krueger Gibbs, 2007). Duany writes It is difficult to identify a segment of the population that does not suffer in some way from the lifestyle imposed by contemporary suburban development (Duany, 2000). From a social perspective, most critics argue that in suburbia, the private realm is privileged over that of the public. Thus, without adequate public space, there is a severe shortage of venues where social interaction can take place because sharing the public realm, people have their opportunity to interact, and thus come to realize that they have little reason to fear each other. (Duany, 2000) The evolution of shopping center development in Kuala Lumpur began with the opening of the first purpose built supermarkets and emporiums such as Weld Supermarket, Yuyi Emporium and so on. The first shopping complex, Ampang Park arrived in 1973, followed by Campbell Complex, Wisma Stephen, Wisma Central, Sun Complex, Pertama Complex, Wisma MPI and Angkasaraya. These shopping complexes are essentially retail developments located within a podium block of a shopping cum office development. Anchor tenants are nonexistent and the complexes have poor amenities and parking facilities. The retail outlets are generally small and the layout design is poor with little pedestrian circulation and inefficient use of space. C:Documents and SettingsyshearMy Documentspublic spacepertama.bmp Pertama Complex in Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman is among the first generation shopping complexes in Kuala Lumpur. The second generation of 80s shopping complexes were purpose built shopping complexes such as Sungai Wang Plaza (1978), Bukit Bintang Plaza (1979), Kota Raya (1982), Yow Chuan Plaza (1983), Imbi Plaza (1985), KL Plaza (1985), The Mall (1987), The Weld (1988) and Pudu Plaza (1989). These complexes enjoy good accessibility as they are located on main roads or at busy junctions of arterial or main roads. Ample parking lots are provided and easy entrance and exit points are strategically located for the convenience of shoppers who travel by car. C:Documents and SettingsyshearMy Documentspublic spaceb_1sungeiwang.jpg Sg Wang Plaza, one of the popular shopping centers situated in Bukit Bintang shopping district of Kuala Lumpur. The shopping complexes have much better design and the adoption of a balanced tenant mix has taken stage in the overall planning, leasing and design of the complexes. The size, distribution and layout of the retail lots are also carefully planned and designed. Anchor tenants such as Metrojaya, AEON Jusco, Isetan, Parkson are used as magnets and are purposely located to facilitate the flow of shoppers in the complexes. With rapid economic growth and urbanization in the Klang Valley, a wide range of social and economic factors have combined to influence the trends in shopping center development. The third generation of shopping centers, from the 1990s to the present, has seen the birth of new giants, with the size determine the winner of competition. Mega sized centers with vast retail space, often spanning more than two million square feet and with multiple anchor tenants, multiple mini anchors and a host of shop lots. Huge car parks accommodating more than 3000 vehicles are common, with a network of internal roads and access to main roads and highways. These mega shopping centers are usually located in the suburbs and they include Sunway Pyramid, Mid Valley Megamall, One Utama Shopping Center, and Tropicana City Mall and so on. Perhaps being huge assures success. All the mega sized shopping centers have their individual niche markets and are thriving even facing competition with each others. For example, Sunway Pyramid integrated with its own planned resort Sunway Lagoon. Without exception, all shopping centers must have good or exceptional merchandise mix and strong retail attractions in order to succeed in the face of stiff competition. C:Documents and SettingsyshearMy Documentspublic spacemid valley.jpg Mid Valley Megamall, the Malaysias largest suburban shopping center with 3 anchor tenants located in Bangsar. The trend is moving towards hypermarkets, which may be supplanting some of the old pop and mom style grocery business. Hypermarkets are typically huge stand alone supermarket and department store type retail outlets. Carrefour, Tesco, Giant are mushrooming over the suburban cities throughout Peninsular Malaysia. For example, Giant, the largest retailer in Malaysia are currently operates 107 stores nationwide and there are more stores opening soon. On the other hand, Tesco has operates 36 stores throughout Peninsular Malaysia to date. Giant Hypermarket, the largest retailer in Malaysia is operating more than 100 stores throughout Malaysia. The major factors which have contributed towards the emergence of suburban shopping centers and hypermarkets are due to the suburbanization of residential development. With limited land available for residential development in the city, housing has spread to the surrounding land at the city fringes with vast space of available lands. With provision of road infrastructure, the young, mobile, rich and middle class families who demand for bigger homes and more luxurious features and better quality of living have migrated to the suburbs. Many of these residential developments have taken the form of new townships and self contained neighborhoods such as Subang Jaya, Petaling Jaya, Damansara and the list goes on. Retail followed as families continued to move from central cities to the suburbs. Besides, the increases of female employments also lead to the emergence of suburban shopping center and hypermarkets. More females are entering the workforce which will directly affect the retailing pattern. It is because the addition of household incomes has increased the purchasing power. Moreover, women engaged in full time employment have less time for shopping. Thus, it results the increase of bulk buying and reduction in frequency of shopping trips. However, the shopping has turned into a family affair. Thus, it is essential to provide all in one shopping activities including shopping, food, entertainment and leisure with more emphasize on convenience, comfort and family oriented attractions and entertainment. While suburban malls only served the retail needs of suburban residents, critics began to argue that they eliminated any chance communities have for possessing physical continuity on the urban fabric since they usually located along the main route (Torino, 2005). Developers of suburban malls tend to overlook the role of shopping center as a forum of public gathering and social interaction. However, the suburban malls are not public spaces at all; they are designed for single purpose: consumption. Victor Gruen, the architect of the first modern suburban shopping mall in United States, recognized the breakdown of traditional community bonds are driven by uncontrollable suburban sprawl. Thus, Gruen envisioned the suburban mall to serve as the new town center which is dense, mixed use environments that could take place of traditional main streets and town squares. Gruen realized that the process of suburbanization was weakening the social bonds in a society that was fostered mainly in close knit rural communities and dense urban settlements. (Torino, 2005) Gruens idea was to make shopping malls more pedestrian friendly, which he achieved by putting the entire development under one roof, with stores on two levels connected by escalators and fed by two-tiered parking. In the middle of the mall was a town square, which featured a garden court under a skylight, a fishpond, enormous sculpted trees, a twenty-one-foot cage filled with exotic birds, balconies with hanging plants, and a cafà © (Gladwell, 2004). However, Gruens vision of shopping mall failed to function as town centers due to several reasons. In contrast to traditional town centers, which were extroverted, meaning that store windows and entrances faced both the parking areas and the interior pedestrian walkways, indoor malls were introverted: the exterior walls presented a blank faà §ade, and all of the activity was focused inward (Gladwell, 2004). According to Michael Sorkin, the design of shopping malls tends to reinforce the domestic values and physical order of suburbia, r ather than rectify it. In his book Variations on a Theme Park, Sorkin states, Like the suburban house that rejects the sociability of front porches and sidewalks for private back yards, malls look inward, turning their backs on the public street (Sorkin, 1992). Since most malls are located in the middle of vast parking lots set well off the street, what Sorkin refers to as pedestrian islands in an asphalt sea, their physical setting represents yet another crack in the already fragmented suburban landscape (Sorkin, 1992). Another reason why malls have failed to function as the traditional town centers that Gruen envisioned is that they are, by and large, built for a single purpose retail. According to Kevin Mattson, Whereas in cities, towns, and villages, public space invites mixed usage and contains churches, schools, courts, theaters, civic buildings and stores, malls are exclusively commercial. Access and architecture together conspire to make buying and selling the only thinkable activities (Mattson, 2009). Mattson argues that since malls are the only public spaces left in many parts of the country, they must become more like real towns with a mixture of uses: If commerce is not to become the sole activity we engage in when we are in public, malls must offer alternative activities civic, cultural, athletic, political, and recreational that define us as citizens as well as consumers (Mattson, 2009). Many urban scholars have pointed to the obvious fact that shopping malls are not true public spaces, but privatized ones where management ultimately reserves the right to limit access. In his book The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space, Don Mitchell touches on the idea that malls are exclusive places, where certain groups and behaviors are not welcome (rowdy teenagers, the homeless, and political demonstrations, for example). Mitchell also comments that malls are heavily patrolled by private security forces and are subject to constant surveillance (Mitchell, 2003). Malcolm Voyce has noted that malls do not coincide with the need for an open and democratic public space and that their private nature limits and controls diversity (Voyce, 2006). Private ownership and restricted access, therefore, undermine the shopping malls ability to function as a true, democratic public space. The recent trends mark the emergence of lifestyle malls mushrooming at the suburban Klang Valley. To be named a few: The Curve, the pioneer lifestyle mall in Malaysia; Sunway Pyramid, Jaya One, Wangsa Walk, Alamanda Putrajaya, Axis Atrium, Sunway Giza which are operating; SSTwo Mall, 1Mont Kiara, Subang Avenue, Citta, Setia Walk, Setia Avenue and the list goes on which are on construction to join the lifestyle demand. Therefore, it is not strange that Business Week Magazine has referred the lifestyle malls as the Shopping Center of the 21st Century. The above lifestyle malls share several commons. Design ambience reflecting a main street motif is great emphasized. The developers often cite a large emphasis on food and entertainment, elements that further contribute to the atmosphere of the project. Parking is also a major concern where it is usually arranged in structures or placed underground (Malmuth, 2005). Moreover, the inclusion of mixed uses also can be found in the quality of lifestyle malls. The inclusion of non retail uses is what sets apart lifestyle malls from other retail developments, to the extent that certain developer, such as Sime UEP Brunsfield, will claim that the word lifestyle is meaningless if residential component is not incorporated. The rise of lifestyle mall also raises other important questions, particularly about how and whether the shopping centers also function as public spaces. Perhaps the most important factor leading to the emergence of lifestyle malls, however, and the focus of this thesis, is the recognition of the increasing importance of shopping centers as public spaces in suburban life. Outside of urban centers, suburbia offers very few public gathering places. Therefore, strolling through suburban malls has become the favorite pastime during weekends. It is however important to realize that the main concern of shopping center is still concern about commercial activities. While the fact is, people do not only shop in a mall, they do hangout and socialize in the same time. Besides, there are also critics on the suburban shopping malls that reinforce unsustainable suburban sprawl. Some argue that lifestyle centers represent part of an effort to reduce the effects of suburban sprawl, through the reint roduction of traditional mixed use setting. Other argues that they are only tools to earn since they are privately owned, carefully controlled. Therefore, do lifestyle malls truly represent better forms of public space than conventional malls? Developers of lifestyle malls seem to have realized that improved retail design can act as a forum for social activity as well as a source of increased revenue (Torino, 2005). If so, are they alternatives to malls as models for public space in suburban? Do lifestyle malls represent a new typology of quasi public space? And how public are those lifestyle malls? 3.0 Aim This research aims to examine the emergence of lifestyle malls of their ability to function as public space. 4.0 Objectives 4.1 To examine the publicness of lifestyle malls. 4.2 To determine the perception of shoppers experiences towards the function of lifestyle malls. 4.3 To recognize the lifestyle malls as a new form of public space in suburban. 5.0 Research Questions 5.1 How public are lifestyle malls? 5.2 How do the shoppers perceive the lifestyle malls role? 5.3 How lifestyle malls represent a new form of public space in suburban? 6.0 Outline of Methodology To answer these questions, a variety of methods will be applied. The overall methods are qualitative. Research which is primarily based on journals, articles and others. Attempt to examine the characteristic of public space in order to identify the function of lifestyle malls as public space in the context of ideas by theorists such as George Varna, Steve Tiesdell, Adam Tyndall, Kevin Lynch, W. Lewis Dijkstra, Jan Gehl as well as Project of Public Space. Interviews with planners and developers, member of Malaysian Association for Shopping and Highrise Complex Management Brief discussion regarding the trend of shopping centers in Malaysia, planning and development of selected lifestyle malls. Surveys of shoppers experience at lifestyle malls. Survey on the perceptions of shoppers towards lifestyle malls as social focus and public space. Observation Observation on the physical design of lifestyle mall, degree to the mixed tenants and how the public use the spaces. 7.0 Structure of the Thesis Chapter 1 Suburban development in Greater Kuala Lumpur, trend of shopping center in Malaysia Chapter 2 Discussion on the role of public space and how lifestyle mall fit into the context of public space Chapter 3 Case Studies Chapter 4 Survey results obtained at each lifestyle malls, observation on the quality of public space, design, level of mixed use, community events sponsored by each lifestyle mall Chapter 5 Concludes with a discussion of results and implications of the research. 8.0 Expected Output The expected output will be: Able to assess whether lifestyle mall in Greater Kuala Lumpur can function as public space. Able to determine that lifestyle mall can be another form of public space in suburban Kuala Lumpur. Able to recognize the characteristics of lifestyle mall that contribute to creation of public space.

Essay on Edgars role in King Lear, Act 3, Scene 4 -- King Lear essays

Edgar's role in King Lear, Act 3, Scene 4 In Act 3, Scene 4, Edgar takes on the roles of a madman, and a spirit. In counterfeiting madness, he not only hides from an unjust death, but also serves as a character that resembles King Lear: (1) Both are deceived by family; (2) Both are outcasts of Gloucester's castle; (3) Both are threatened with death; and (4) Both enter into a form of madness. But, whereas King Lear actually becomes mad, Edgar only feigns madness. As Edgar takes the role of a "spirit" (3.4.39), he reveals: (1) Edmund's moral condition, by prescribing moral laws that he will break (3.4.80-83); and (2) that Gloucester will be blinded by Edmund (3.4.117). This essay will begin by examining how Edgar's role, as an outcast feigning madness, resembles the life and fate of King Lear, and then will show how his role as a spirit, reveals future events that will come to pass. Edgar's role, as an outcast and madman, corresponds to King Lear in four ways: (1) they both are deceived by family. Edgar is deceived by his half brother, and King Lear is deceived by two of his daughters. Edgar babbles about how Edmund deceived him: "Who gives anything to Poor Tom? whom the foul fiend hath led through fire and through flame" (3.4.51-52), and reveals his plan "to kill [the] vermin" (3.4.51-52). And by calling Edmund a "foul fiend" who had "course[d] his own shadow for a traitor" (3.4.57-58), he parallels Edmund with a devil, which is trying to make him commit suicide by laying "knives under his pillow" (3.4.54). And because King Lear's madness begins to be revealed after realizing that he'd been fooled by his daughters (2.4.273-286), he asks Edgar if he became mad due to daughters too (3.4.49-50). (2) The... ...hom] squinies the eye" (3.4.115-117). These lines suggests that Edmund, the foul fiend, will cause someone's eye to squint. And it's only a couple scenes later that Gloucester's eyes are blinded because of Edmund's report to Cornwall. Thus Edgar's lines in this scene are prophetic and further his role as a spirit. This small essay only touches on some of the important lines that fulfill Edgar's roles as a spirit and an exiled madman in Act 3, Scene 4. His lines are hard to follow and are meaningless at times because he's pretending to be mad. It's not until the play is over that Edgar's wisdom and insight can be understood in this scene. As a madman, his role foreshadows King Lear's fate, and as a spirit, he is able to predict Edmund's moral condition. By counterfeiting madness, Edgar's wisdom and insight are shown, and Edmund's corruption is exposed.

Meaning of Life and Ordinary Person Essay

I cannot sum up my philosophy with one broad term. I will discuss my philosophies but they all connect based on my main philosophy. My main philosophy is that hardship often prepares an ordinary person for an extraordinary destiny. Ordinary people from the past that endured through hardships, such as Anne Frank, Martin Luther K. Jr. and Caesar Chavez, had an extraordinary destiny. I am not comparing myself to these magnificent individuals, but they are a source of encouragement for an ordinary person like me. I felt in my heart that everything happens for a reason. There is no way that my life should have or could have turned out like this. My belief was solidified and my faith strengthened, when I became a mentor to the Women at La Casita Rehabilitation Center. I am perfect for this volunteer service! My experiences enable me to care so deeply and empathize with these women in recovery. I find meaning in this work. There is no monetary gain. It’s the intrinsic feeling I get when I see a woman get her 30 day, 60 day, 90day and 1year sobriety chip. This service provides me with gratitude for my recovery and humility. I was that woman, maybe not exactly, but the feelings were very similar. Another aspect of my philosophy of life is; life is not about finding yourself but creating yourself. I have developed my philosophy of life based on my experiences in life and made a decision to re-create myself. I am a fervent believer that you can become whoever you want to be in this life. We should not take life for granted because it is a gift and tomorrow is not promised to anyone. If you don’t like your circumstances, it is okay to change them. There are some things we have no control over, but for the things we can control, we have the power and responsibility to change it. If not, stop complaining and adjust to the situation. However, if we simply sit there and wait for things to change, it probably will not change. Or the situation may become worse over time. In the interim we will be missing out on the joys and blessings of life. At least this has been my experience.

Notes on Presidency Essay

Notes on Presidency Essay Notes on Presidency Essay Chapter 9: Debt total of all money the federal government owes over time Deficit yearly shortfall of revenues in a budget $16 trillion debt $4.3 trillion budget fiscal year 2012 $1.3 trillion deficit Campaigns primary [show up and vote] (first primary: NH) or caucus [meetings and after you vote: people make arguments for a candidate] (first caucus: Iowa) * Regional primary or national primary â€Å"Frontloading† states often want their primary or caucus first because they think it’s more influential to go first McGovern-Fraser Commission: a commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation. As a result, all delegate selection procedures were required to be open so that the party leaders had no more clout than college students or anyone else who wanted to participate. Money Campaigns: * Candidates need money to build a campaign and get their message out. * There is a common perception that money buys votes and influence * The 1974 act (Federal Election Campaign Act) and its subsequent amendments did the following: In brief: The act created the FEC, provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure, and attempted to limit contributions. * Result of: Watergate scandal (people saw corruption in government) * Meant for reforming campaign finances. * Federal Election Commission (FEC)- a six-member bipartisan agency created by the Federal Election Campaign Fund of 1974. This commission administers and enforces campaign finance laws * Created the Presidential Election Campaign Fund – the FEC is in charge of doling out money from this fund to qualified presidential candidates. * Tax payers can check a box on their taxes ($3) to publically fund presidential primaries/caucuses and the general election (Obama was the first president to reject tax payer money) If a presidential candidate takes the government money, then the candidate must abide by restrictions on spending $ * Matching funds: If a candidate can raise $5,000 in at least 20 states, they’re eligible to the contributions of up to $250 matched by the federal treasury. These candidates must qualify and agree to meet various conditions, ** such as li miting their overall spending to an amount prescribed by federal law** * Provided full public financing for major party candidates in the general election- for each general election, each major party nominee is eligible to receive a fixed amount of money to cover his or her total campaign expenses * Required full disclosure- regardless of whether they accept federal funding, all candidates for federal office must file periodic reports with FEC, listing who contributed and how much money it was. * Limited contributions- congress limited individual donations/contributions to presidential and congressional campaigns to $1,000. Also, limits on PAC donations to candidates political parties * Buckley v. Valeo (1976): challenged the Federal Election Campaign Act. The Supreme Court ruled that it was a violation of freedom of speech (the portion of the act that limited individual contributions to their own campaign) result you can spend unlimited amounts of your own $ on your own campaign * Another loophole opened in 1979 with an amendment to the act that made it easier for political parties to raise money for voter registration drives, and distribution of campaign material at grass-roots level or for generic party advertising * Soft money- political contributions earmarked for party building expenses at basic level or for generic party advertising. Soft money donations are not subject to contribution limits. (generally from corporations) * McCain – Feingold [Bipartisan (2002), Campaign Reform ACT (BCRA)] Banned soft money:

Equilibrium Constant Kc and How to Calculate It

Equilibrium Constant Kc and How to Calculate It Equilibrium Constant Definition The equilibrium constant is the value of the reaction quotient that is calculated from the expression for chemical equilibrium. It depends on the ionic strength and temperature and is independent of the concentrations of reactants and products in a solution. Calculating the Equilibrium Constant For the following chemical reaction:aA(g) bB(g) ↔ cC(g) dD(g) The equilibrium constant Kc is calculated using molarity and coefficients: Kc [C]c[D]d / [A]a[B]b where: [A], [B], [C], [D] etc. are the molar concentrations of A, B, C, D (molarity) a, b, c, d, etc. are the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation  (the numbers in front of the molecules) The equilibrium constant is a dimensionless quantity (has no units). Although the calculation is usually written for two reactants and two products, it works for any numbers of participants in the reaction. Kc in Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Equilibrium The calculation and interpretation of the equilibrium constant depends on whether the chemical reaction involves homogeneous equilibrium or heterogeneous equilibrium. All of the products and reactants are in the same phase for a reaction at homogeneous equilibrium. For example, everything could be a liquid or all the species could be gases.More than one phase is present for reactions that reach heterogeneous equilibrium. Usually, only two phases are present, such as liquids and gases or solids and liquids. Solids are omitted from the equilibrium expression. The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant For any given temperature, there is only one value for the equilibrium constant. Kc  only changes if the temperature at which the reaction occurs changes. You can make some predictions about the chemical reaction based on whether the equilibrium constant is large or small. If the value for Kc is very large, then the equilibrium favors the reaction to the right, and there are more products than reactants. The reaction may be said to be complete or quantitative. If the value for the equilibrium constant is small, then the equilibrium favors the reaction to the left, and there are more reactants than products. If the value of Kc approaches zero, the reaction may be considered not to occur. If the values for the equilibrium constant for the forward and reverse reaction are nearly the same, then the reaction is about as likely to proceed in one direction, and the other and the amounts of reactants and products will be nearly equal. This type of reaction is considered to be reversible. Example Equilibrium Constant Calculation For the equilibrium between copper and silver ions: Cu(s) 2Ag ⇆ Cu2(aq) 2Ag(s) The equilibrium constant expression is written as: Kc [Cu2] / [Ag]2 Note the solid copper and silver were omitted from the expression. Also, note the coefficient for the silver ion becomes an exponent in the equilibrium constant calculation.

Noise Level Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Noise Level - Research Paper Example In order to maximize private benefits of road transportation, people very conveniently discounted the external cost incurred on inhabitants of city. Because of noise pollution caused by road transportation, city dwellers suffer from sleep disorders; severe stress on nervous systems, escalated blood pressure, hypertension, chronic heart problems, continuous headache, frustration, annoyance, noise induced hearing loss, and finally, the loss of good quality life (Ventre, & Case, 1971). The best way to reduce traffic noise pollution is to install noise barriers at the residential area. â€Å"Noise barriers diminish the decibel level by 10 to 15 decibels, which means reducing the sound in half. Sound barriers consist of two types, earth berm and noise walls. Noise readings can assist engineer decide about type, location, length and height of a noise barrier† (Ventre, & Case, 1971). Noise walls are made up of concrete, stucco, wood, masonry, and metal (Gelfand, 2009). On the other h and, earth berms are more appropriate for visual looks depending on the material and room. Just like noise wall, earth berm also blends in with surrounding effectively. Moreover, plants are added to it in order to cover it up (Ventre, & Case, 1971). However, sound barrier will only be effective if residents behind it cannot see the road, which implies that they are in shadow zone.

Health care law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health care law - Essay Example This person has no relation to the patient but has been appointed to make health care decisions for him. These laws need to involve another party in such vital decisions, which are put in the hands of only one person (Sabatino, 2010). The surrogate can consent to the health care treatment of a patient even without a court decision. He can also provide consent to the health care provider, should any other procedure have to be performed on the patient. These people need careful consideration before making such important decisions concerning human being (Sabatino, 2010). It is important to consider the implications of leaving such a huge responsibility on one person only. The laws need modification to ensure that such decision-making procedures are handled with care, and the patient gets treatment. It would be reckless to place the whole responsibility of making decisions concerning anther human being solely on one person. The Health Care Surrogate Law requires thorough revision so that it will become more effective and professional. This will be of benefit to all the people concerned. An example of a lawsuit would be a case against a hospital for mismanagement of a critically ill patient and gross carelessness in administering healthcare services. Such a case would be classified as medical malpractice. Such scenario would touch on principles like informed consent. Principles related to the standard of care, causation, and fiduciary law in the physician-patient relationship (Mascarenhas, Kesavan, & Bernacchi, 2013). The argument grounds on the fact that the health care provider breached the principles of standard care and failed to give quality treatment to a patient who suffered because of the negligence of the medical institution. The patient required special attention with a regular observation from qualified medical professionals. Lack of this quality attention led to the general deterioration of his